Amalahle angabizi kakhulu nayintabalala ahlala engowona mthombo mkhulu wamandla kwihlabathi liphela, nanjengoko oorhulumente bebekela usukelo lokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza. Amalahle enziwa xa izityalo ezifileyo zintywiliselwa kwindawo engumgxobhozo ziphantsi kobushushu kunye noxinzelelo kumakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, umba wesityalo ujika ube yi-carbon-dense black or brownish-black sedimentary rock - amalahle. Kukho iintlobo ezine eziphambili okanye "izikhundla" zamalahle, ngokusekelwe kwiindidi kunye nezixa zekhabhoni amalahle aqulethwe kunye nobungakanani bamandla obushushu anokuthi avelise amalahle.
- Anthracite: Elona nqanaba liphezulu, yinto eqinileyo, ebhityileyo, nemnyama ekhazimlayo. Iqulethe ipesenti ephezulu yekhabhoni esisigxina kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizitovu, iziko, kunye neenkqubo zokuhluza amanzi. Ubume: 300-360 yezigidi zeminyaka ubudala.
- Ibhitumini: Umgangatho ophakathi, ngokuqhelekileyo unexabiso eliphezulu lokufudumeza (i-Btu) kwaye lisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane kunye nokwenza isinyithi. Ukuqulunqwa: I-100-300 yezigidi zeminyaka ubudala.
- I-sub-bituminous: Emnyama, ayikhazimli, inexabiso eliphantsi ukuya kwimodareyitha yokufudumeza kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu ekuveliseni umbane. Ulwakhiwo: I-100 yezigidi zeminyaka ubudala.
- Lignite: Ekwabizwa ngokuba ngamalahle amdaka, inomxinwa omncinci wekhabhoni, ixabiso eliphantsi lokufudumeza, kwaye lisetyenziswa ikakhulu ekuveliseni umbane. Ubume: 250 yezigidi zeminyaka ubudala.
I-anthracite kunye namalahle e-bituminous enza i-70% yogcino lwamalahle. Enye i-30% ihlulwe phakathi kwe-sub-bituminous kunye ne-lignite. Ukutsha kwamalahle kusabala i-40% yokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 yehlabathi jikelele kusetyenziso lwamandla, nangona zonke iinzame zokunciphisa isabelo samandla enziwe ngamafutha efosili.
Nanga amazwe ali-10 aphezulu anoovimba bamalahle abakhulu ehlabathini.
Uhlu | ilizwe | Oovimba bamalahle |
1. | eunited States | 248.94 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni |
2. | Rhashiya | 162.17 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni |
3. | Ostreliya | 150.23 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni |
4. | iTshayina | 143.29 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni |
5. | Indiya | 111.05 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni |
6. | Jemani | 35.90 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni |
7. | Indoneshiya | 34.87 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni |
8. | Yukreyini | 34.38 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni |
9. | Pholend | 28.40 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni |
10. | Kazakhstan | 25.61 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni |